Complications from chronic peptic ulcers most often arise fromA)Pyloric obstruction and vomitingB)Intermittent bleeding and anemiaC)Perforation and generalized peritonitisD)Malignant change and metastasesChronic peptic ulcer may be associated with all of the following exceptA)Increased secretion of hydrochloric acidB)Hypertrophic gastritisC)Sharply punched out ulcersD)Gastric mucosal atrophyWhich of the following is/are associated with autoimmune gastritis?A)Pernicious anemiaB)Lesion involves body and fundus of stomachC)BothD)Neither"Canker sores" of the oral cavity may be associated withA)Crohn's diseaseB)Ulcerative colitisC)BothD)NeitherBarrett's esophagus isA)Present at birth in most casesB)Associated with development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagusC)Associated with development of adenocarcinoma of the esophagusD)Occurs most often in women of Scandinavian originWhich pair of risk factors is most important in the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?A)Tobacco use, high fat dietB)High fat diet, ingestion of smoked meatsC)Alcohol abuse, tobacco useD)Ingestion of smoked meats, tobacco useDiffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma of the stomach is characterized byA)Relatively equal occurrence in men and womenB)A 5-year survival of less than 40%C)BothD)NeitherChronic gastritis can beA)AutoimmuneB)InfectiousC)BothD)NeitherA common cause of chronic gastropathy isA)Allergies to foodB)Candida infectionC)Enterogastric refluxD)Helicobacter pylori infectionE)Hyperchlorhydria secondary to G cell hyperplasiaPeptic ulcers are associated with all of the following EXCEPT:A)Helicobacter pylori infectionB)Gastric acid and pepsin secretionC)Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug useD)Pain during mealsThe most common precursor lesion for the development of colonic adenocarcinoma isA)Ulcerative colitisB)Neoplastic polyp (adenoma)C)Hyperplastic polypD)Crohn's diseaseCrohn's disease is characterized byA)Superficial involvement (mucosa, submucosa)B)Skip lesionsC)BothD)NeitherCrohn's disease is characterized byA)Increased risk of developing colorectal cancerB)Skip lesionsC)BothD)NeitherUlcerative colitis is characterized byA)Granulomatous inflammationB)Increased risk of colorectal cancerC)BothD)NeitherWhich of the following features is characteristically present in ulcerative colitis but not in Crohn's disease?A)GranulomasB)Rectal sparingC)Segmental distribution of the inflammatory changesD)Sinus tractsE)Superficial inflammation (mucositis)All of the following are true regarding adenomatous polyps of the colon EXCEPT: A)The most common form of polypoid tumor in adultsB)Can contain foci of villous growthC)Carcinomatous transformation is likely to be found in villous areasD)The likelihood of carcinoma increases with sizeE)Frequently discovered accidentallyWhich of the following is/are true regarding Clostridium difficile?A)Causes pseudomembranous colitisB)Infection may occur in patients taking broad-spectrum antibioticsC)BothD)NeitherThe term Barrett esophagus refers toA)Papillary hyperplasia of the lower esophagus resulting from gastroesophageal refluxB)Gastric heterotopia in the upper esophagusC)A metaplastic change occurring in the distal esophageal mucosaD)A type of esophageal neoplasmE)A type of esophageal constriction common in patients with hiatal herniaAll of the following are potential complications of gastrointestinal reflux EXCEPT:A)Esophageal ulcersB)StenosisC)Barrett esophagusD)AchalasiaE)Esophageal adenocarcinomaWhich histologic change is commonly present in reflux esophagitis?A)Basal zone hyperplasiaB)Glycogenosis of the basal layer.C)Hypertrophy of muscularis mucosaD)Increased number of intraepithelial lymphocytesE)Overgrowth of Candida albicans in the luminal portion of the epithelium.Barrett esophagusA)Commonly arises in patients with short esophagusB)Is a congenital persistence of gastric mucosa in the esophagusC)Is a metaplastic change (intestinal metaplasia)D)May be complicated by bleeding esophageal varicesE)Occurs almost universally in patients who underwent a partial or total gastrectomyWhich of the following is commonly associated with acute hemorrhagic (erosive) gastritis?A)Helicobacter pylori infectionB)Alcohol intakeC)Autoimmune disordersD)Enterogastric refluxE)Gastroesophageal neoplasmsWhich region of the upper gastrointestinal tract is most severely inflamed in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection?A)AntrumB)BodyC)CardiaD)Duodenal bulbE)Lower esophagusThe most common cause of chronic active gastritis isA)AutoimmuneB)UnknownC)Helicobacter pylori infectionD)Drug-inducedE)Enterogastric refluxWhich lesion is almost universally (more than 90%) associated with Helicobacter pylori infection?A)Duodenal ulcerB)Gastric carcinoidC)Gastric carcinomaD)Gastric ulcerE)Reflux esophagitisThe type of colonic polyp carrying the greatest risk of malignancy is theA)Villous adenomaB)Hyperplastic polypC)Juvenile retention polypD)Hamartomatous polypWhich of the following tumors has dramatically decreased in frequency over the last 6 decades in the United States?A)Adenocarcinoma of the gastroesophageal regionB)Pancreatic carcinomaC)Colonic adenocarcinomaD)Gastric adenocarcinomaE)HepatocarcinomaAll of the following are prognostic factors in carcinoma of the colon EXCEPT:A)Association with a preexisting neoplastic polypB)Histological subtype of tumorC)Presence of vascular invasionD)Depth of invasion of the tumorAll of the following are prognostic factors in colorectal adenocarcinoma EXCEPT:A)Depth of tumor invasionB)Vascular invasionC)Stage (for example Duke's stage)D)Location of tumor in the colonRisk factors for colon adenocarcinoma include all of the following EXCEPT:A)Familial adenomatous polyposisB)History of hyperplastic polyps on colonoscopyC)Long standing ulcerative colitisD)Residence in the U.S. or Northern Europe, with consumption of a high fat, meat rich, low-fiber diet.Adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal region most frequently develop inA)African-American patients with a history of smokingB)Caucasian malesC)Hispanic womenD)Patients of any race with chronic alcoholismE)Hot tea drinkersWhich esophageal tumor is strongly associated with chronic alcoholism and tobacco usage?A)AdenocarcinomaB)LeiomyomaC)LeiomyosarcomaD)LymphomaE)Squamous cell carcinomaWhich esophageal tumor develops as a complication of prolonged reflux esophagitis?A)AdenocarcinomaB)LeiomyomaC)LeiomyosarcomaD)LymphomaE)Squamous cell carcinomaWhich statement is true for gastric adencoarcinoma?A)At variance with what happens in underdeveloped countries, in the U.S. most tumors are detected at early stages and cured by gastrectomy.B)Carcinomas with an individual cell pattern of invasion (diffuse type) are more frequently preceded by intestinal metaplasia than those with an aggregated cell pattern (intestinal type)C)H. pylori infection and other exogenous agents are etiologically relatedD)One of the most common malignancies in the United StatesE)Most commonly develops in the fundic region