All of the following anterior pituitary hormones are controlled by hypothalamic releasing factors except:A)ThyrotropinB)ProlactinC)Growth HormoneD)ACTHE)GonadotropinHypopituitarism in the adult is caused most frequently by:A)Postpartum pituitary necrosisB)Functional pituitary adenomasC)Non-functional pituitary adenomasD)Empty sella syndromeE)Pituitary stalk section secondary to head traumaChronic adrenal insufficiency (Addison's Disease) in the U.S. population is most frequently due to:A)Adrenal tuberculosisB)Secondary to hypopituitarismC)Waterhouse-Friderichensen syndromeD)Autoimmune destruction of the adrenalsE)Destruction of the adrenals by metastatic tumorOn a world-wide basis, enlargement of the thyroid (goiter) is caused most frequently by:A)Benign thyroid adenomasB)Iodine deficiencyC)Nutritional goiterogensD)Hashimoto thyroiditisE)Papillary carcinoma of the thyroidHashimoto's disease A)Is an autoimmune processB)May result in hypothyroidismC)BothD)NeitherPheochromocytoma A)Is one of the most frequent solid tumor malignancies of childhoodB)Can cause hypertensionC)Can cause Cushing's syndromeD)All of the aboveThe earliest symptom of a non-functioning (non-hormone-producing) pituitary adenoma is usually: A)HeadacheB)Visual field defectsC)Cushing's syndromeD)AcromegalyE)Diabetes insipidusIn congenital adrenal hyperplasiaA)ACTH is suppressed by increased adrenal hormone feedbackB)The congenital defect is situated in the hypothalamus and leads to a dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axisC)Cortisol production is greatly increasedD)The most frequent defect is a 21-hydroxylase deficiencyE)The hyperplastic glands occasionally become malignantHashimoto's thyroiditisA)Leads to a painful swelling of the thyroidB)Is a self-limited disease which takes its course in a matter of a few monthsC)Is the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism in adult womenD)Requires removal of the chronically inflamed, enlarged thyroidE)Is a frequent precursor of follicular carcinomaHyperthyroidism in Graves' Disease is due toA)An overproduction of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of the pituitaryB)An autoantibody binding to the TSH receptorC)A thyroid adenomaD)An alteration in the peripheral tissue response to thyroid hormonesE)A hypothalamic defectWorldwide, the most frequent cause of clinical goiter isA)ThyroiditisB)Benign thyroid adenomasC)Iodine deficiencyD)Graves' diseaseE)Congenital enzyme defectsHashimoto thyroiditisA)Frequently leads to the development of malignant lymphomaB)Leads to the development of follicular thyroid carcinomaC)Is characterized by cells with atypical nuclei which are pre-malignantD)Occurs predominantly in young women in the childbearing ageE)Is the most frequent cause of hypothyroidism in middle aged and elderly womenHypothyroidism may be:A)IatrogenicB)AutoimmuneC)BothD)NeitherAll of the following are true regarding Graves disease EXCEPT:A)Anti TSH receptor antibodiesB)l0:l male:female incidenceC)Strong association with HLA DR3D)Commonly associated with other autoimmune disordersExcess hormone production by the anterior pituitary until proven otherwiseA)Is most commonly caused by an adenomaB)Is most commonly caused by a carcinomaC)BothD)NeitherHypopituitarism may be caused byA)ShockB)Non-functioning pituitary adenomasC)BothD)NeitherAdenomas of the pituitary can cause diseaseA)By mass effectB)By secretory functionC)BothD)NeitherPituitary adenomas may produceA)Diabetes insipidusB)Visual field defectsC)GalactorrheaD)AcromegalyE)All of the aboveWhich of the following is true regarding type 2 diabetes?A)Shows a prediabetic state beginning in young adulthoodB)Shows a high cure rate by pancreatic transplantC)Is frequently seen with obesity and hypertensionD)Is frequently the result of chronic stress with hypercortisolismE)Is a syndrome seen in the elderly with hyperglycemia from multiple causesWhich of the following is true regarding Type I diabetes?A)May be an autoimmune diseaseB)Responds well to oral hypoglycemic agentsC)Will not lead to acidosis and comaD)Shows normal islet morphologyE)Is the product of a multifactorial endocrine dysregulationWhich of the following is true regarding Type I diabetes?A)Beta cells are reduced or absent B)Onset is usually before age of 20C)If untreated may lead to ketosis and comaD)Autoimmune factors play a role in etiologyE)All of the aboveWhich of the following is true regarding Type 2 diabetes?:A)Rare in patients over age 70B)Genetic factors play a role in etiologyC)Serum insulin levels are markedly decreasedD)Insulin receptors on cell membranes are upregulatedE)Even after long duration of the illness, does not show the same severe complications as Type l diabetes