Which of the following cells belongs to the monocyte-macrophage lineage?A)NeuronsB)AstrocytesC)OligodendrocytesD)Microglia E)Ependymal cellsWhat is the most important consequence of increased intracranial pressure?A)HerniationB)SeizuresC)HydrocephalusD)PapilledemaE)Headache and vomitingWhat type of cell is responsible for most of the ‘scar’ formation that occurs within the central nervous system?A)FibroblastB)Microglia cellC)Astrocyte D)OligodendrocyteE)Ependymal cellHydrocephalus refers to which of the following?A)Accumulation of fluid in the subdural spaceB)Infection of the brain causing edemaC)Excess fluid in the epidural spaceD)Dilation of the fluid-filled ventricles E)Accumulation of fluid in the subarachnoid spaceHemorrhage in the basal ganglia isA)Often due to arterial hypertension B)An uncommon area for hemorrhageC)BothD)NeitherWhat is the most common factor predisposing to arterial thrombosis that leads to cerebral infarction?A)VasospasmB)VasculitisC)Atherosclerosis D)HypotensionE)HypercoagulabilitySpontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is most commonly associated with which of the following risk factors?A)DiabetesB)AtherosclerosisC)SmokingD)Hypertension E)Congenital vascular anomaliesRupture of a saccular (berry) aneurysm is most commonly associated with which of the following pathologic findings?A)Subdural hemorrhageB)Intracerebral hemorrhageC)Extradural hemorrhageD)Subarachnoid hemorrhage E)Intraventricular hemorrhageA slowly-accumulating post-traumatic hematoma is most likely to be located in which anatomic compartment?A)Epidural spaceB)Subdural space C)Subarachnoid spaceD)IntracerebralE)IntraventricularSignificant long-term neurological deficits after head trauma are usually related to which mechanism of injury?A)Chronic subdural hematomaB)Intracerebral hemorrhageC)Diffuse axonal injury (shearing injury) D)Cerebral edema E)Cerebral contusionBrain abscessesA)May present as "mass" lesionsB)May originate from lung abscessesC)Both D)NeitherPurulent meningitis is most likely associated withA)Pyogenic bacterial infection B)Viral infectionC)TuberculosisD)All of the aboveWhich of the following processes is most likely to be due to anaerobic bacterial populations?A)Purulent leptomeningitisB)Chronic encephalitisC)Purulent cerebral abscess D)Granulomatous meningitisE)Mycotic aneurysmWhich of the following viruses often involves the peripheral nervous system?A)CytomegalovirusB)Herpes zoster-varicella C)Coxsackie virusD)Mumps virusE)Measles virusWhich of the following is NOT typically associated with CNS manifestations of AIDS?A)Cytomegalovirus encephalitisB)ToxoplasmosisC)CryptococcosisD)Bacterial abscess Which of the following are present in both bacterial and viral meningitis?A)An increased number of white blood cells in the CSF B)A decreased CSF sugarC)BothD)NeitherWhich of the following organisms is most likely to cause acute purulent meningitis?A)Treponema pallidumB)Herpes simplexC)Streptococcus pneumoniae D)Mycobacterium tuberculosisE)Toxoplasma gondiiWhich infectious disease is characterized by hemorrhagic necrosis often involving the temporal lobes?A)CryptococcusB)ToxoplasmosisC)PoliomyelitisD)St. Louis encephalitisE)Herpes simplex Which of these infectious processes most often arises from normal oral flora?A)Purulent meningitisB)Granulomatous meningitisC)Purulent brain abscess D)Subdural empyemaE)Chronic encephalitisWhich of the following is a demyelinating disease that affects only the peripheral nervous system?A)Multiple sclerosisB)Acute disseminated encephalomyelitisC)AdrenoleukodystrophyD)Guillain-Barre syndromeE)Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisWhat is the most characteristic pathologic change in multiple sclerosis?A)Axonal degenerationB)Areas of confluent loss of myelin in the CNS C)Areas of confluent loss of myelin in the CNS and the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)D)Areas of confluent loss of myelin in the PNSParkinson's disease is A)The result of loss of cells B)The result of loss of myelinC)BothD)NeitherWhich of the following statements is TRUE about Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease?A)It is a form of motor neuron degenerationB)The characteristic pathologic change is spongiform degeneration C)The characteristic pathologic change is demyelinationD)It is always hereditaryE)The characteristic pathologic change is loss of dopaminergic neuronsSenile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are most associated with which of the following clinical features?A)ParalysisB)TremorC)SeizuresD)Dementia E)ChoreaThe diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease is confirmed by which of the following?A)Clinical history of dementiaB)Presence of neuronal degeneration in the hippocampusC)Presence of neuronal degeneration in many areas of the brainD)Family history of Alzheimer's diseaseE)Presence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles Which of the following is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease that typically involves both the basal ganglia and cerebral cortex?A)Amyotrophic lateral sclerosisB)Huntington's disease C)Alzheimer's diseaseD)AdrenoleukodystrophyE)Jakob-Creutzfeldt diseaseAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis is related to degenerative changes in which neuronal populations?A)Spinal and cranial nerve motor neurons onlyB)Spinal and cranial nerve motor neurons and cerebrocortical motor neurons C)Cerebrocortical motor neurons onlyD)Caudate nucleus and putamenE)Substantia nigra and putamenA tumor involving the corpus callosum and both hemispheres is likely to beA)Glioblastoma B)MeningiomaC)BothD)NeitherWhich is the most malignant primary tumor of the nervous system?A)AstrocytomaB)MeningiomaC)NeurofibromaD)OligodendrogliomaE)Glioblastoma Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an important factor in survival with a primary brain tumor?A)Histological type of the tumorB)Histological grade of the tumorC)Metastasis outside the CNS D)Location of the tumor within the brainE)Spread through the cerebrospinal fluidWhich of these neoplasms typically arises from cranial or spinal nerve roots?A)AstrocytomaB)Schwannoma C)NeuroblastomaD)MeningiomaE)GlioblastomaMeningioma A)Is potentially curableB)Often contains calcifications and psammoma bodiesC)Arises in the arachnoid/duraD)All of the above Which of the following is an inborn error of metabolism that results in abnormalities of myelin?A)Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathyB)Multiple sclerosisC)Lateral sclerosisD)Guillain-Barre syndromeE)Adrenoleukodystrophy Neuronal storage diseases are the result of which pathogenetic mechanism?A)Dominantly inherited trinucleotide-repeat mutationsB)Migrational disturbancesC)Inherited mutations in metabolic enzymes D)Failure of closure of the neural tubeE)Chromosomal deletionsWhich of the following conditions is an example of a neural tube defect?A)Meningomyelocele B)PolymicrogyriaC)HydrocephalusD)MicrocephalyE)MegaloencephalyArnold-Chiari syndrome is characterized by which of these abnormalities?A)MeningomyeloceleB)Neuronal storage materialC)Meningomyelocele and hydrocephalus D)Neuronal storage material and hydrocephalusE)Hydrocephalus